If you’ve ever watched your dog scooting across the carpet or trying to lick their rear end obsessively, you’ve probably wondered what’s going on back there. The answer might be their anal glands.
Though it’s not the most glamorous topic, understanding the expression of anal glands in dogs, how anal glands work, and what can go wrong is an important part of keeping your dog healthy and comfortable.
Like many mammals, dogs have two small glands located just inside their anus at approximately the 4 and 8 o’clock positions. These glands, also called anal sacs, produce a smelly, oily fluid that dogs use for scent marking.
This fluid is released during defecation or when a dog is frightened or stressed. The scent is unique to each dog and plays a role in communication with other dogs, just like urine marking.
While most dogs express their anal glands naturally during bowel movements, problems can arise when the glands don’t empty properly. Anal gland (or sac) disease is a term is often used to encompass any of the issues listed below.
You’ll want to watch for signs that might indicate your dog is having anal gland trouble, such as:
If you notice any of these signs, it’s time to talk to your veterinarian.
","background_color":"","is_inset":false}},{"Related_Articles":{"items":[{"Article":{"reference":[{"uid":"blt6bb2237fc20571df","_content_type_uid":"Blog_Article"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs12e0efc1e0c7741d"}}},{"Article":{"reference":[{"uid":"blt7b120351b19a50cb","_content_type_uid":"Blog_Article"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs24762fed74b09054"}}}],"_metadata":{"uid":"csbc9f5f3c07c00757"}}},{"Block":{"name":"","_metadata":{"uid":"cs9de8c2466e731627"},"content":"Some dogs need occasional manual expression of their anal glands if they struggle to express them naturally. This is particularly true for obese dogs or those with osteoarthritis or gastrointestinal issues.
Watch for:
Dogs with frequent gland issues often require routine manual expressions to prevent impaction or more severe issues.
There are two methods of manual anal gland expression. External expression is done, as the name suggests, outside the body by applying pressure to the glands. Internal expression should only be performed by your veterinarian. This is done with internally applied pressure.
Short-term treatments:
While groomers may offer anal gland expression, it’s best to have a veterinarian perform an internal expression of the glands. Groomers should only perform external expression, and even then, they can’t completely empty the glands, and the process can cause inflammation.
Long-term management:
Take your dog to the vet if you notice signs of pain, swelling, or infection in the anal area. Persistent scooting, licking, or changes in smell or behavior also call for a vet visit. If the issue returns after treatment, consult your vet again.
If your dog has recurring issues, your veterinarian may teach you safe anal gland expression techniques for home use. Never try to express the glands without proper training, as this can cause harm.
If your dog is expressing their anal glands naturally, managing the anal glands is hopefully something you never have to worry about. If issues arise, being aware of the signs and knowing when to call your vet can prevent discomfort and more serious complications. With a proper diet, weight management, and veterinary support, most dogs can stay happy, healthy, and scoot-free.
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","slug":"dog-anal-glands","sort_date":"2026-03-24","species":[{"_content_type_uid":"Species","uid":"bltd93b7c539942b364","_version":437,"locale":"en-us","ACL":{},"_in_progress":false,"atlas_id":1,"created_at":"2022-03-28T15:22:31.659Z","created_by":"bltfefb696baa8d2abf","slug":"dog","tags":[],"title":"Dog","updated_at":"2023-11-14T03:45:27.464Z","updated_by":"bltd220fa9ee1a632d7","publish_details":{"time":"2025-08-27T15:19:30.252Z","user":"blte385a8279033911a","environment":"bltadfbc551e3c2a9bf","locale":"en-us"}}],"subtitle":"All About Dog Anal Glands ","tags":[],"taxonomies":[],"teaser":"Anal glands in dogs, also called anal sacs, produce a smelly, oily fluid released during defecation or when a dog is scared or stressed.","title":"All About Dog Anal Glands","updated_at":"2026-04-08T15:20:18.771Z","updated_by":"blt6de5dc7d37921f51","url":"/blog/article/all-about-dog-anal-glands","vault_code":"ZPC-04968","publish_details":{"time":"2026-04-08T15:20:45.359Z","user":"blt6de5dc7d37921f51","environment":"bltadfbc551e3c2a9bf","locale":"en-us"}},{"uid":"blt9c6fb8fe571a0416","locale":"en-us","_version":2,"ACL":{},"_in_progress":false,"author":[{"uid":"bltbe6a6965fd637f7f","_content_type_uid":"Author"}],"body":[{"Block":{"name":"","_metadata":{"uid":"csa7b7d3ab97beec99"},"content":"All cats are smart, but some knock your socks off with their ability to master the lock on the treat cabinet or open the bathroom door on their own. Cats with active minds also tend to have active bodies — always looking for ways to explore and investigate.
If you’re a pet parent interested in smart cat breeds, knowing which cats have the highest intelligence by breed can help you find the perfect match for you and/or your family.
Abyssinians are one of the oldest cat breeds, which is perhaps why they are so smart. They are sociable and highly curious. Whether it’s climbing high places or exploring every nook and cranny, you can expect this cat to go, go, go. They’ve got tons of energy and will seek out ways to entertain themselves if not provided with lots of play and enrichment. Problem-solving games and hunting play are great for this intelligent breed.
Abyssinians thrive with people who have a lot of time and attention to give. They can be great companions for kids, as long as their physical and mental needs are being met.
Some consider Siamese to be the smartest cat breed. They were first documented as early as the 14th century, giving them plenty of time to become expert communicators — they make their wants and needs clear through body language and their many vocalizations.
Give them plenty of mental stimulation and forms of exercise so you don’t end up with unwanted boredom and attention-seeking behaviors.
The Siamese cat is highly driven by attention and connection. They are utterly devoted to their people, doing best in a home with consistent companionship. If you want a full-time friend, the Siamese is for you.
Due to their curiosity and friendliness, Burmese cats readily learn games like fetch. They can play with toys on their own but thrive with attention. Even clicker training can help to manage this cat’s active brain. While very playful, they tend to mellow a bit as they come out of kittenhood.
Burmese cats aren’t necessarily as high-energy as other breeds, but boy, do they love their people. They do well with kids and love to follow you around and sleep next to you at night.
The Burmese is a hefty cat in a medium-sized package. While smaller in frame, they are quite compact, with a surprising amount of muscle and weight. They’re also extremely soft, with big, round eyes, a round head, and a short muzzle.
","background_color":"","is_inset":false}},{"Related_Articles":{"items":[{"Article":{"reference":[{"uid":"blt4ae05f65fd51e32c","_content_type_uid":"Blog_Article"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs8d9e1cc318f60e9b"}}},{"Article":{"reference":[{"uid":"bltb703b45a8bc537a6","_content_type_uid":"Blog_Article"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs6cfaebfb9b44cc90"}}}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs353111677882e2e2"}}},{"Block":{"name":"","_metadata":{"uid":"csf558dde39cb092e7"},"content":"As its name suggests, the Japanese Bobtail has a genetically short, stubby tail. They’re an ancient breed, depicted on Japanese scrolls as far back as the Middle Ages. In the 1600s, these cats were used to control a rodent infestation that threatened the silk industry. After this, they bred with street cats, until eventually the Bobtail became this breed’s signature look.
One way the Japanese Bobtail shows its intelligence is through agility, which means they may also excel at scaling your furniture. They’re determined but have short attention spans, which can make training difficult. Plan plenty of regular exercise and give them space and opportunity to climb, jump, and crawl.
This family cat needs a lot of attention and will ask for it. Kids and adults alike can enjoy the Japanese Bobtail’s antics. They even get along well with many dogs.
Singapura cats have curious minds. They love to explore and investigate, wanting to be right in the middle of whatever you’re doing. They’re playful and smart, remaining active even into their senior years.
While the Singapura is confident in spaces they know well, they can get nervous with change. They thrive in a consistent, somewhat quiet environment, but that doesn’t mean mellow. Be prepared to offer plenty of mental and physical stimulation.
The Bengal is an intelligent breed that maintains its youthful energy and attitude throughout its life. Thanks to their curiosity and confidence, Bengals can be trained to do tricks and even enjoy walking outside in a harness and leash. Their curiosity even extends to water, which they are fascinated by. This breed is also incredibly athletic, which means their enrichment and stimulation needs to be both physical and mental.
Bengals get along with kids as long as their need for mental and physical stimulation is being met.
The intelligent, adventurous Cornish Rex has lots of energy and will try to play with just about anything. You may need to do some cat-proofing for this one. They’re adaptable and even like to travel. At home, they need a lot of toys and activities to keep them occupied. A consistent schedule of play and mental enrichment can help. They’re also big eaters, often on the lookout for any kind of snack.
This cat is highly affectionate and needs a great deal of affection in return. They’ll follow you and the kids around the home and capture your heart.
Interestingly, smart cat breeds may not have been intentionally bred for their intellect. Cats are primarily bred for appearance and temperament, which is quite different from dogs, whose breeding focuses heavily on refining skills to do a job, like herding, hunting, or service work.
Depending on who you ask, you’ll get differing opinions on how much breed impacts intelligence. Some breeds are seen as more intelligent, likely because the origins of the breed had their own natural strengths that fell into “brainy” categories, like problem-solving, communication, or trainability. Those strengths would be carried from one generation to the next, making it a hallmark of that breed.While some breeds are naturally smarter or more inquisitive than others, any cat is capable of incredible intelligence. If your cat has a knack for problem-solving, is full of curiosity, or seems to have endless energy, you may have a super smart feline who would love to flex their intelligence muscles through regular enrichment, training, and activities with you.
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It’s not just important for yourself, but also for your pets. Pets depend on us for safety, food, and comfort. Whether you’re staying home or evacuating, a solid plan can make all the difference. This post will help you prepare before, during, and after a hurricane to keep your pet safe and calm.
Don’t wait until a hurricane watch or warning is issued to make your plan. Preparing ahead gives you the best chance of keeping yourself and your pets safe and calm.
Create a portable emergency kit for your pets with the following:
Items such as food, water, and medications should be stored in airtight, waterproof containers to prevent moisture or contamination.
It’s also vital to have a pet-specific first-aid kit on hand.
Double-check that your pet is wearing a collar or harness with their ID and your current phone number, and ensure that their microchip is registered and up to date.
Beyond an emergency kit, you’ll want to sit down with your family and go over a pet-friendly evacuation plan. Hotels or shelters may not allow pets, so it’s helpful to research pet-friendly options along your evacuation route in advance. You can also talk to friends or family who live outside the hurricane zones about staying with them.
Consider evacuating earlier rather than later to reduce everyone’s fear and stress.
The PETS Act was passed by the U.S. Congress in 2006 after Hurricane Katrina, which allows FEMA to provide support for individuals with household pets during and following a major disaster or emergency. Even with this, resources can easily become overwhelmed. In some cases, the only option for housing evacuated pets is in animal shelters. Ideally, you want to avoid this and keep your pet with you.
","background_color":"","is_inset":false}},{"Related_Articles":{"items":[{"Article":{"reference":[{"uid":"blt988fbe7ce982d03f","_content_type_uid":"Blog_Article"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs11fcaaaa003e9d19"}}},{"Article":{"reference":[{"uid":"blt0696448689f49e39","_content_type_uid":"Blog_Article"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"csd8de017e65016d0a"}}}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs54369ac0ffdab7cd"}}},{"Block":{"name":"","_metadata":{"uid":"csa66bc370b05203f8"},"content":"If you’re sheltering in place, keep your pets close and contained. Do not leave them outside or allow them to roam inside your home. If you need to evacuate quickly, you don’t want to waste time looking for them or coaxing them out from a hiding spot.
Set up a safe space where you and your pets can ride out the storm. Choose a smaller, windowless interior room, like a bathroom or laundry room. Bring your pet’s crate or bed, favorite toys, and calming items, such as a chew or licking mat. Keep your cat in a carrier so they don’t hide or try to escape.
If possible, evacuating early is ideal. This prevents rushing, which can increase stress for both you and your pet. If you need to evacuate, do not leave your pet behind. Not only is this dangerous for your pets, but it may be considered abandonment or animal cruelty in your area.
When evacuating, secure your pet in a crate, carrier, or with a harness and leash. Bring your pet emergency kit. Once you’ve reached shelter, keep your pets on leash or in their crate/carrier until they are calm and the room is secure. You don’t want them to escape and get lost in an unfamiliar or chaotic place.
Once the storm has passed, it may be tempting to let your guard down, but the aftermath can be just as risky. Wait until you get the “all clear” from authorities before returning to your home.
Keep your pet in a confined, safe area, or in their crate/carrier until you’ve had time to inspect your home, yard, and surrounding area. Ensure that doors, windows, and fencing are intact and secure to prevent escape.
If your pet is anxious, you may want to confine them to a small room where they feel more secure initially, before giving them full run of your home. Make sure they have everything they need, including a safe, cozy hiding spot.
Watch for post-hurricane hazards, like flooded streets, sharp debris, standing water, and downed power lines. Displaced wildlife or loose pets can be dangerous when they’re scared, so use caution.
Return to your usual routine as quickly as possible, as this can help reduce stress for your pet. If they’re acting unusually anxious for more than a day or two after returning home, talk to your veterinarian about ways to help them.
If your pet has a specialty diet, you may want to keep a larger supply on hand (in waterproof containers). Your area may not receive regular deliveries immediately after the storm.
Some pets are extremely sensitive to stress and may have stomach issues in the aftermath of the storm. A small supply of canned food designed for gastrointestinal disturbances can be helpful. Your veterinarian can help you select the best option for your pet.
If your pet is anxious, you can discuss fast-acting calming medication with your veterinarian now, which can be used before, during, and after the hurricane.
If your pet has medical issues that require regular monitoring or treatment, like giving subcutaneous fluids or monitoring blood sugar, talk to your veterinarian about an emergency plan. This may include extra supplies that you keep at home.
Taking care of your pets during a hurricane is easier when you have a plan in place. If you live in or often visit an area prone to hurricanes, don’t wait. A little preparation goes a long way.
","background_color":"","is_inset":false}},{"promotion_tile":{"tile":[{"uid":"blt8ab427f5daa49169","_content_type_uid":"blog_promo_tile"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs47ea630195e963ad"},"variants":[]}}],"brand":[],"categories":[],"created_at":"2026-03-19T14:56:32.751Z","created_by":"blt6de5dc7d37921f51","footnote":"","header":{"desktop_image":{"uid":"blt1ad9ec9638ded1d3","_version":1,"title":"article-pet safe 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Hurricane","slug":"keeping-pet-safe-during-hurricane","sort_date":"2026-03-19","species":[{"_content_type_uid":"Species","uid":"bltd93b7c539942b364","_version":437,"locale":"en-us","ACL":{},"_in_progress":false,"atlas_id":1,"created_at":"2022-03-28T15:22:31.659Z","created_by":"bltfefb696baa8d2abf","slug":"dog","tags":[],"title":"Dog","updated_at":"2023-11-14T03:45:27.464Z","updated_by":"bltd220fa9ee1a632d7","publish_details":{"time":"2025-08-27T15:19:30.252Z","user":"blte385a8279033911a","environment":"bltadfbc551e3c2a9bf","locale":"en-us"}},{"_content_type_uid":"Species","uid":"bltc4a254c11bcb2261","_version":438,"locale":"en-us","ACL":{},"_in_progress":false,"atlas_id":2,"created_at":"2022-03-28T15:22:30.886Z","created_by":"bltfefb696baa8d2abf","slug":"cat","tags":[],"title":"Cat","updated_at":"2023-11-14T03:45:20.697Z","updated_by":"bltd220fa9ee1a632d7","publish_details":{"time":"2025-08-27T15:19:29.271Z","user":"blte385a8279033911a","environment":"bltadfbc551e3c2a9bf","locale":"en-us"}}],"subtitle":"Keeping Your Pet Safe in a Hurricane","tags":[],"taxonomies":[],"teaser":"Hurricane safety for pets includes having a plan and emergency items on-hand to protect your cats and dogs before, during, and after the storm.","title":"Keeping Your Pet Safe in a Hurricane","updated_at":"2026-04-08T15:47:26.457Z","updated_by":"blt6de5dc7d37921f51","url":"/blog/article/keeping-pet-safe-during-hurricane","vault_code":"ZPC-04962","publish_details":{"time":"2026-04-08T15:47:30.728Z","user":"blt6de5dc7d37921f51","environment":"bltadfbc551e3c2a9bf","locale":"en-us"}},{"uid":"blt0df8bfcbc9b2b9a8","_version":4,"locale":"en-us","ACL":{},"_in_progress":false,"author":[{"uid":"bltbe6a6965fd637f7f","_content_type_uid":"Author"}],"body":[{"Block":{"name":"","_metadata":{"uid":"csbc29d16539583360"},"content":"Zoonotic diseases are illnesses that can be transmitted from your pet to you through bites, scratches, saliva, feces, or urine. Though they rarely cause severe illness in people, it’s still helpful to be aware of some of the more common zoonotic diseases that can cause health issues in humans.
It’s worth noting that anyone can catch a zoonotic disease. Some people are at higher risk, including:
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter upsaliensis are bacteria that cause a bacterial intestinal infection known as Campylobacteriosis.
Pets can become infected by:
If your pet has Campylobacteriosis, you may see:
Campylobacteriosis is diagnosed by a DNA test or a culture and sensitivity test of your pet’s poop.
Many infections are mild and resolve on their own. Moderate to severe cases may be treated with antibiotics and medication for nausea and pain. Your pet may also get fluids to prevent dehydration and a highly digestible diet with added probiotics.
People are infected by coming in contact with infected feces or contaminated bedding, bowls, or toys.
It can cause diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps. Most infections resolve on their own, but treatment may be necessary for severe cases.1 Contact your physician if you have been exposed.
This small bowel infection is caused by the parasite Cryptosporidium.
Pets and people become infected by ingesting something contaminated with the parasite, such as poop, water, food, or prey animals.
This disease can cause watery diarrhea; however, many pets do not show any signs of illness.
Cryptosporidiosis can be more serious, and even life-threatening, for puppies and immunocompromised dogs.
It can be difficult to diagnose, often requiring poop specimens to be sent to specialty labs.
The good news is that treatment isn’t needed for most cases. The illness resolves on its own. When necessary, there are a few medications effective in treating this disease. A highly digestible diet, fluids, probiotics, and other supplements can also be supportive.
People with Cryptosporidiosis can have headaches, low-grade fever, nausea, stomach cramps, vomiting, watery diarrhea, and weight loss.2 Symptoms can last up to about twenty days in healthy people.2 Those with weakened immune systems often have more severe symptoms that last longer.
Salmonella causes the bacterial infection Salmonellosis, which typically affects the gastrointestinal tract.
Pets most commonly become infected by ingesting contaminated feces or something contaminated by feces, such as food or water. This can also serve as a transmission path to humans. Direct contact with infected animals or the ingestion of undercooked meat are also routes to infection.
Some pets may show no signs, but they can still shed the bacteria in their poop, which can infect other pets or people.
Kittens and puppies are more likely to show signs, including:
Diagnosis can require a bacterial culture of poop and blood, as well as PCR testing.
Medical treatment for mild cases may not be necessary as they often resolve on their own. Supportive care at home is often all that’s needed, including rest, maintaining hydration, feeding a highly digestible and bland diet, and administering probiotics.
For more severe cases, pets may require hospitalization for supportive care, which can include intravenous fluids, anti-nausea medication, antibiotics, and other medications.
Salmonellosis causes symptoms such as abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and fever. Most recover without treatment; however, diarrhea can become so severe that hospitalization is necessary.3
","background_color":"","is_inset":false}},{"Related_Articles":{"items":[{"Article":{"reference":[{"uid":"blte648bcce57eeeee3","_content_type_uid":"Blog_Article"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs1d466783d978e10c"}}},{"Article":{"reference":[{"uid":"blt1d882afe9edc3183","_content_type_uid":"Blog_Article"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"csaa56cead0b2a86ef"}}}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs3e23e43c70796bae"}}},{"Block":{"name":"","_metadata":{"uid":"cs9558bd7477e926dd"},"content":"Rabies is a fatal viral disease found worldwide.
Rabies is transmitted to dogs, cats, and humans through saliva and mucous membranes, such as getting bitten or scratched by a rabid animal or coming into contact with their eyes, nose, or mouth.4
Pets can exhibit a variety of signs, such as:
Unfortunately, no rabies test can be done on a living pet. Diagnosis is made through laboratory testing of brain tissue after the pet passes.
There is also no effective treatment for rabies in people or pets once symptoms appear.5
The best way to prevent rabies is by keeping up with your pet’s vaccinations. If you think you are exposed to a rabid animal, contact your physician or go to the ER.
Intestinal parasites, often referred to as “worms,” are common in dogs and cats. Roundworms and hookworms are just two types commonly found across the U.S.
There are various ways dogs and cats become infected with these intestinal parasites.
If your pet has intestinal parasites, you may see:
Intestinal parasites are typically diagnosed through a routine fecal (poop) flotation test.
To treat intestinal parasites, your veterinarian will prescribe a dewormer.
Monthly preventatives for heartworms, fleas, and ticks can help keep your pet parasite-free.
People can become infected with roundworms by swallowing eggs through contaminated soil, food, or unwashed hands. In fact, each year in the U.S., three to six million people are infected with the larvae of roundworms.6
Infection with hookworms generally occurs when hookworm larvae penetrate the skin, which can happen when people sit or walk barefoot on contaminated soil or sand.
Children are more vulnerable than adults since they put dirty objects in their mouths, play in playgrounds, and may eat dirt.
Roundworm infections in people may cause no obvious symptoms or harm, but some can cause damage to tissues and affect the nerves and eyes.7
Hookworms can cause inflammation, redness, and itchy tracks in the skin called cutaneous larva migrans. If they penetrate into deeper tissues, they can cause damage to the intestines and other organs.7
Treatment for people usually includes antiparasitic medication.8
This is a common parasitic infection, particularly in dogs, that affects the gastrointestinal tract.
Pets are infected by ingesting food, water, soil, or objects contaminated with poop that contains Giardia cysts.
Some pets show signs of infection, such as:
Giardia can be diagnosed with a fecal flotation test.
Pets are treated with a specific antibiotic/dewormer combination typically and may need fluid therapy, antiemetics, and anti-diarrheal medications.
People are infected by ingesting the parasite’s cysts after touching contaminated objects, food, water, soil, or surfaces.
Symptoms include various types of gastrointestinal distress and can last as long as six weeks.9
Treatment often isn’t needed, as symptoms may resolve on their own, but medication is available.10
It’s important to use caution if your pet has a zoonotic disease. Your best course of action is to bring your dog or cat to the vet for treatment and visit your doctor if you have any concerns.
","background_color":"","is_inset":false}}],"brand":[],"categories":[{"_content_type_uid":"Category","uid":"bltf11d72469111daf1","_version":220,"locale":"en-us","ACL":{},"_in_progress":false,"created_at":"2022-04-12T14:28:43.294Z","created_by":"bltfefb696baa8d2abf","slug":"disease-prevention","tags":[],"title":"Disease Prevention","updated_at":"2022-07-29T16:28:52.867Z","updated_by":"bltfefb696baa8d2abf","publish_details":{"time":"2025-08-27T15:19:30.555Z","user":"blte385a8279033911a","environment":"bltadfbc551e3c2a9bf","locale":"en-us"}}],"created_at":"2026-03-19T15:44:25.846Z","created_by":"blt6de5dc7d37921f51","footnote":"Have you ever felt small, red bumps on your dog’s skin or noticed they’re scratching more than usual? Skin problems are a top reason for vet visits, and one of the most common causes is folliculitis. This condition might look simple, but it could point to deeper health issues. Here's what you need to know about folliculitis in dogs.
Folliculitis describes infected hair follicles in your dog’s skin. When the follicle gets irritated, it becomes inflamed. In turn, bacteria that naturally grows on your dog’s skin can cause infection.
Folliculitis is a common type of skin infection in dogs. The condition is manageable but if left untreated, can result in growing discomfort and a more serious infection. Folliculitis often is the result of an underlying condition.
While dogs of any age and breed can get folliculitis, breeds prone to allergic skin disease are more likely to have folliculitis. These breeds include Boston Terriers, Boxers, Bulldogs, Dalmatians, French Bulldogs, Golden Retrievers, German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, Pit Bull Terriers, Pugs, Scottish Terriers, Shar Peis, Shih Tzus, Spaniels, West Highland White Terriers, and Wired Haired Fox Terriers.1
Anything that irritates, damages, or infects the hair follicle can result in folliculitis in dogs. The normal skin barrier protects against bacterial invasion, but in most cases of folliculitis, the barrier is compromised, and infection occurs. Underlying disorders that can increase the risk of folliculitis are environmental allergies or atopy, flea allergic dermatitis, or food allergies.
The other factors that can contribute to folliculitis include:
The good news is folliculitis is not typically contagious.
","background_color":"","is_inset":false}},{"Related_Articles":{"items":[{"Article":{"reference":[{"uid":"blt468daf53a9166fe1","_content_type_uid":"Blog_Article"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs49f173936e7b2f06"}}},{"Article":{"reference":[{"uid":"blt0b01a97462003f33","_content_type_uid":"Blog_Article"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs6948a9f07f529fd6"}}}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs212df1cd2d0dec07"}}},{"Block":{"name":"","_metadata":{"uid":"cs15600ed25baa5239"},"content":"The most common signs of folliculitis are itching, redness of the skin, swelling, and hair loss.
You may also notice:
Though folliculitis can occur anywhere hair follicles are present, the most common locations include the chin, armpits, groin, and abdomen.
Your veterinarian will take a thorough medical history and perform a physical exam, including checking for fleas and ticks and determine if additional testing is needed.
Your veterinarian may recommend one of more of the following tests:
Your veterinarian will develop a treatment plan based on the cause of your dog’s folliculitis.
For bacterial folliculitis, treatment generally involves:
Since bacterial folliculitis is commonly caused by allergies, proper treatment and management of environmental and food allergies will help prevent or lessen the reoccurrence.
Treatment for fungal folliculitis can include medicated shampoos and topical medication. In some cases, several months of systemic antifungal medication is needed.
Folliculitis caused by parasites requires treating the external parasites with parasiticides and managing the folliculitis. If mites like demodex or scabies are the cause, oral medications and shampoos may be needed to kill the mites. Folliculitis caused by fleas and ticks can be prevented by routinely using flea and tick preventives and environmental control.
Folliculitis is common and usually manageable. If your dog has persistent itching, bumps, or hair loss, a vet visit can confirm the cause and guide treatment. With timely care and basic prevention, most dogs stay comfortable and recover well.
","background_color":"","is_inset":false}},{"promotion_tile":{"tile":[{"uid":"bltfdf3a2ca78eba109","_content_type_uid":"blog_promo_tile"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs4debcc5348b1b813"},"variants":[]}}],"brand":[{"uid":"blta01a0f2512ccd061","_content_type_uid":"Brand"}],"categories":[{"_content_type_uid":"Category","uid":"bltaf54d9901662de2e","_version":221,"locale":"en-us","ACL":{},"_in_progress":false,"created_at":"2022-04-12T14:28:42.165Z","created_by":"bltfefb696baa8d2abf","slug":"skin-health-dermatology","tags":[],"title":"Skin Health & Dermatology","updated_at":"2022-07-29T16:28:51.822Z","updated_by":"bltfefb696baa8d2abf","publish_details":{"time":"2025-08-27T15:19:28.295Z","user":"blte385a8279033911a","environment":"bltadfbc551e3c2a9bf","locale":"en-us"}}],"created_at":"2026-03-11T15:18:45.829Z","created_by":"blt6de5dc7d37921f51","footnote":"Allergies in Dogs. Merck Veterinary Manual. https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/skin-disorders-of-dogs/allergies-in-dogs. Accessed August 15, 2024.
If your cat is having trouble using the litter box (straining to pee, showing signs of pain, going in and out of the box, or you notice blood in their urine), it can be worrying. These symptoms may mean your cat has a condition called feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC).
Although it sounds complicated, FIC is actually a common urinary problem in cats. Understanding what it is and how to manage it can help keep your cat comfortable and healthy.
Feline idiopathic cystitis, also referred to as FIC or feline interstitial cystitis, is one of the most common urinary issues cats face. It causes bladder inflammation, which can lead to pain for your cat.
If left untreated, the inflammation can worsen to the point of causing a urinary tract obstruction. This means your cat can’t urinate, which is a serious medical emergency.
Feline idiopathic cystitis appears to be more common in cats who are:1
You may also hear the term “feline lower urinary tract disease” or FLUDT. This is a complex collection of urinary conditions cats can have, with feline idiopathic cystitis being one of the most common.
Feline idiopathic cystitis was initially thought to be caused by bacteria, viruses, or stones. Later, it was determined that the real cause was more involved.2
Current thinking suggests that activation of a nerve causes inflammation, which then triggers the release of chemical messengers that lead to tissue swelling and pain. This is referred to as neurogenic inflammation and pain syndrome.2
Another factor contributing to FIC in cats is a dysfunction of the cat’s stress response system — in other words, a defect in how a cat responds to stress.3
This may be more than simply a cat who’s naturally skittish, but instead the result of abnormalities in the nervous system. Think of it like an imbalance that makes a cat more reactive to stressors.
When the inflammation and stress response are combined, the bladder is the organ that suffers, and FIC is often the result.
The presence of other medical issues may also play a role.
Diet is another possible factor. Cats on a dry food diet may have a higher risk of developing FIC or having recurrences, but more research is needed to confirm this.4
The most common clinical signs of FIC in cats are similar to those of other urinary diseases.
There’s no definitive test to diagnose FIC in cats, since the same symptoms are also seen in cats with other urinary diseases. This makes feline idiopathic cystitis a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning all other causes of feline lower urinary tract diseases, such as urinary tract infections, bladder stones, trauma, or cancer, need to be ruled out to end up with a diagnosis of FIC.
Your veterinarian will take a thorough history that includes information about home environment, diet, water intake, litter box setup, grooming habits, behavior changes, etc. A physical examination is another key component in the diagnostic process.
Based on this information, your veterinarian will recommend one or more of the following tests:
Based on the results, your veterinarian will formulate a treatment plan.
The treatment for FIC in cats includes medical therapy, dietary management, and environmental modifications. The goal is to reduce inflammation, support a lower-anxiety lifestyle, increase hydration, and manage pain. All these treatments work together to get your cat through the flare-up and feeling better.
Medical therapy includes pain medications, anti-inflammatories, and anti-spasmodic medications.
For cats with chronic FIC, medical therapy may also include glycosaminoglycan supplementation (a component of the bladder wall), tricyclic antidepressants, and antianxiety medications.
When cats are well hydrated, the concentration of irritating substances in their urine decreases. This can be achieved by feeding wet cat food or adding water to dry food and encouraging your cat to drink more by using cat water fountains, different bowl styles or materials, varying water temperatures, and even cat-specific flavored additives.
Feeding a specially formulated urinary diet, with antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, has been found to reduce flare-ups.5
Making changes at home that reduce a cat’s stress can significantly help manage FIC.
These changes revolve around meeting a cat’s instinctual needs. Since you know your cat best, pick and choose which of these might help, or incorporate all of them.
While there’s no surefire way to prevent FIC, decrease the risk of flare-ups with proper management, like the tactics above.
Here are some additional ways to reduce stress, which is a huge component of keeping FIC at bay:
Your veterinarian can help you come with a plan that is tailored to your cat’s specific needs, including which food they will thrive on, the best litter for your cat, and even recommend toys that your cat will enjoy.
","background_color":"","is_inset":false}},{"promotion_tile":{"tile":[{"uid":"blt39116f37c7ff7021","_content_type_uid":"blog_promo_tile"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs509f2a3bb7f33e28"},"variants":[]}}],"brand":[],"categories":[{"_content_type_uid":"Category","uid":"blt9b9d4a26d3cc7f53","_version":227,"locale":"en-us","ACL":{},"_in_progress":false,"created_at":"2022-04-12T14:28:30.936Z","created_by":"bltfefb696baa8d2abf","slug":"health-wellness","tags":[],"title":"Health & Wellness","updated_at":"2022-07-29T16:28:41.381Z","updated_by":"bltfefb696baa8d2abf","publish_details":{"time":"2025-08-27T15:19:28.077Z","user":"blte385a8279033911a","environment":"bltadfbc551e3c2a9bf","locale":"en-us"}}],"created_at":"2026-03-11T16:10:31.194Z","created_by":"blt6de5dc7d37921f51","footnote":"Cats and dogs are crepuscular, which means they’re most active at dawn and dusk. They may take naps during the day, but generally sleep most of the night. They need sleep to maintain their memory and build strength after an active day, just as we do. There are many similarities between your pet’s sleep and yours.
There are two main types of sleep for pets and people. Rapid eye movement sleep (REM) is a deep sleep where a human or pet’s eyes may move under their eyelids. You may see your pet twitch, move their lips, or make noises during REM sleep. Non-REM sleep is less deep and occurs throughout most of the sleep cycle.
During REM sleep, new memories become permanent. That makes it incredibly important for people and pets. For example, dogs who do not sleep well may struggle to learn or have behavior issues,1 while those who sleep well are more easily trained.2
The amount of sleep that dogs and cats need depends on their age. Each species needs about the same amount, but it does differ a little.
Newborn puppies and kittens sleep about 22 hours a day, waking only to nurse. As they grow, they gradually become more alert and spend more time awake.
By eight weeks, puppies sleep 18 to 20 hours a day. At four months, puppies sleep about 11 hours a day. One-year-old dogs sleep a smidge less.
Three-month-old kittens sleep about 18 hours a day. By one year, cats sleep about 16 hours a day.
Pets begin to change their sleep patterns as they reach their senior years. Senior dogs sleep longer and may wake up later in the morning.
The older the cat, the more time spent sleeping. While many older pets sleep more, they have less REM sleep and take shorter naps.
The times your pet is fed may influence when they settle down to sleep at night and wake up in the morning.
A study found that dogs who were fed once daily versus twice daily had different sleep patterns. Dogs fed twice daily were more active at night and in the hour before dawn.3
Cats, on the other hand, need to eat many small meals each day, ideally with no more than about eight hours between them. Longer periods without food lead to increased unwanted activity, such as trying to wake you up very early due to hunger.
The more active your pet is during the day, the more likely they are to become sleepy earlier in the day and spend more time in deeper sleep, or REM sleep.
Stressed pets may not sleep well enough to have REM sleep and are more likely to have behavior issues and difficulty remembering training. When stress is reduced, REM sleep can return.
Some pets are easily awakened by noises. They may also be roused by the movement of another pet or person nearby.
","background_color":"","is_inset":false}},{"Related_Articles":{"items":[{"Article":{"reference":[{"uid":"bltd67cbc7b27b896f5","_content_type_uid":"Blog_Article"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"csbf06386d6e6f09e6"}}},{"Article":{"reference":[{"uid":"blt96211bceefeaa275","_content_type_uid":"Blog_Article"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"csacef815dd86cb2e2"}}}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs19acf03a3adb7858"}}},{"Block":{"name":"","content":"Depending on their temperament, some pets would prefer to sleep near you or on your bed. If they’re near you, their stress levels will be lower, and they may get into deep sleep and REM sleep more easily. However, less social pets may prefer to sleep on their own.
Changes in your pet’s sleep can be indicators of medical issues, so take note. If any of the following sound familiar, talk with your veterinarian.
Snoring may sound cute, but it’s a sign that your pet’s airflow is partially blocked while they’re sleeping. This is a serious problem for many brachycephalic (short-faced) pets, such as French Bulldogs, English Bulldogs, Pugs, and Persian cats. If your pet has pauses in their breathing or very loud snoring while sleeping, it’s best to see your veterinarian. For some pets, a surgical correction can relieve the airway blockage to help them breathe and sleep more easily.
Pets who are sleeping less or are hyperactive may have an underlying medical issue such as toxin exposure, an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism), pain, or cognitive dysfunction seen commonly in older pets.
A pet who prefers sleep over meals and cuddles with their favorite family members needs a veterinary examination to determine if there is a medical issue.
If your pet is coughing so much that it consistently wakes you up, they may have a heart or lung issue. Your veterinarian needs to examine them to determine if a medical issue needs to be addressed.
Pets dealing with pain often don’t sleep as well. Pain comes in many forms, such as osteoarthritis, dental, nerve, urinary, or abdominal pain. Painful pets often can’t get comfortable, so they may get up frequently. Others may stay in the same spot because moving is too painful.
If you notice unusual sleep patterns or breathing problems, it’s important to visit your veterinarian to keep your furry friend healthy and rested.
","background_color":"","is_inset":false,"_metadata":{"uid":"csbf961e55f9285549"}}},{"promotion_tile":{"tile":[{"uid":"blt15d3f636a7be22eb","_content_type_uid":"blog_promo_tile"}],"variants":[],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs02346464993aedf2"}}}],"brand":[],"categories":[{"_content_type_uid":"Category","uid":"blt2c3d234f7e26861e","_version":227,"locale":"en-us","ACL":{},"_in_progress":false,"created_at":"2022-04-12T14:28:32.085Z","created_by":"bltfefb696baa8d2abf","slug":"pet-ownership","tags":[],"title":"Pet Ownership","updated_at":"2022-07-29T16:28:42.427Z","updated_by":"bltfefb696baa8d2abf","publish_details":{"time":"2025-08-27T15:19:24.401Z","user":"blte385a8279033911a","environment":"bltadfbc551e3c2a9bf","locale":"en-us"}}],"created_at":"2026-01-30T21:46:54.610Z","created_by":"blt6de5dc7d37921f51","footnote":"If your dog has been diagnosed with Addison’s disease, or you’re worried they may have it, you probably have a lot of questions. Since it’s such a rare condition, it can be hard to find answers. Even if your dog is healthy, it’s helpful to know a bit about Addison’s so you can watch for warning signs and reach out to your veterinarian quickly.
Let’s discuss the causes, indications, and treatment of Addison’s disease in dogs.
Addison’s disease, also known as hypoadrenocorticism, occurs when the adrenal glands (located near the kidneys) fail to produce essential hormones, such as cortisol and aldosterone.
These hormones are essential for regulating life-sustaining functions such as metabolism and blood pressure, managing stress, suppressing inflammation, and balancing levels of potassium and sodium. Low levels of these hormones can cause illness and can even be fatal.
While dogs of any age can have Addison’s disease, the average age of diagnosis is 4 years old.1 Female dogs appear to be affected more than male dogs. In fact, reports show that between 60% and 70% of cases are female.1
There does appear to be a hereditary component to Addison’s, especially in certain breeds, but genes aren’t the sole cause. The exact way the disease is inherited isn’t fully understood, and other factors play a role in whether a dog develops the condition.
Breeds that are predisposed to the disease include:2,3
In most cases, Addison’s is caused by the immune system attacking the adrenal cortex, limiting the production of necessary hormones. There really isn’t anything you can do to prevent this type of autoimmune response before your dog is diagnosed.
Damaged adrenal gland tissue due to cancer, infection, or trauma has been known to cause Addison’s, though it’s rare. This is another case where prevention isn’t possible, other than avoiding the triggering infection or trauma, when possible.
Use of certain medications can lead to Addison’s, those treating Cushing’s disease or rapidly stopping steroids after long term use. In this scenario, you do have some means of prevention by working closely with your veterinarian.
","background_color":"","is_inset":false}},{"Related_Articles":{"items":[{"Article":{"reference":[{"uid":"blt9f334a53cd78f8df","_content_type_uid":"Blog_Article"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs93689c08365d9db0"}}},{"Article":{"reference":[{"uid":"blt9a6e7013bd74cbe0","_content_type_uid":"Blog_Article"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs283bc2c7974c3365"}}}],"_metadata":{"uid":"csde54f565a7f6df84"}}},{"Block":{"name":"","_metadata":{"uid":"cs3168386e51d73fbc"},"content":"Addison’s disease can be a result of medication used to treat Cushing’s disease in dogs. If the medications used to treat this condition cause a deficiency of cortisol and aldosterone, this would cause Addison’s.
Addison’s disease can also occur when long-term use of steroids is suddenly stopped. Steroids cause the adrenal glands to shrink, resulting in hormone levels too low to meet the body’s needs. This is referred to as iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism and is usually temporary.
Secondary Addison’s disease is a rare form that occurs when there’s an issue with the pituitary gland instead of the adrenal glands.
The pituitary gland, located in the brain, produces adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol.
If the pituitary gland is defective or a tumor grows near it, the gland won’t produce enough ACTH. In turn, the adrenal glands won’t produce enough cortisol, leading to secondary Addison’s.
The signs of Addison’s disease mimic those of other more common medical conditions, which is why the disease is known as “the great pretender.”2 Signs also often develop slowly and come and go. This combination can make the diagnosis of Addison’s challenging.
Signs of Addison’s disease in dogs include:
While signs of Addison’s often start slowly, some dogs can have a sudden onset of serious signs, leading to an emergency condition known as Addisonian crisis. In this case, immediate veterinary care is vital.
During an Addisonian crisis, dogs may show the following signs:
If you think your dog may be suffering from Addison’s disease or is experiencing an Addisonian crisis, it’s crucial to see your veterinarian as soon as possible. They will perform initial screening tests, like a basic blood panel, urinalysis, X-rays, and an abdominal ultrasound.
They may also recommend an ACTH stimulation test to measure your dog’s cortisol levels before and one to two hours after an injection of a synthetic form of ACTH. If a dog has Addison’s disease, the pre-injection cortisol level will be low and will have little to no increase one to two hours following the injection.
Addison’s disease can be successfully treated in most cases, but usually requires lifelong management.
Treatment involves supplementation with cortisol and aldosterone, either orally or via injection. Your veterinarian will determine which medications and routes are most suitable for your dog’s condition.
Treatment for an Addisonian crisis involves hospitalization for continuous monitoring, intravenous fluids, and medications.
With proper diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis for many dogs is good to excellent.3 Even dogs who have an Addisonian crisis can recover well.3
For dogs who don’t receive treatment, this disease can be fatal. That’s why it’s so important to keep up with your dog’s regular veterinary checkups and let your veterinarian know if you see any of the signs of Addison’s disease.
","background_color":"","is_inset":false}},{"promotion_tile":{"tile":[{"uid":"blt81c668eb10643045","_content_type_uid":"blog_promo_tile"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs1df73a691cc6bdd8"},"variants":[]}}],"brand":[],"categories":[{"_content_type_uid":"Category","uid":"blt9b9d4a26d3cc7f53","_version":227,"locale":"en-us","ACL":{},"_in_progress":false,"created_at":"2022-04-12T14:28:30.936Z","created_by":"bltfefb696baa8d2abf","slug":"health-wellness","tags":[],"title":"Health & Wellness","updated_at":"2022-07-29T16:28:41.381Z","updated_by":"bltfefb696baa8d2abf","publish_details":{"time":"2025-08-27T15:19:28.077Z","user":"blte385a8279033911a","environment":"bltadfbc551e3c2a9bf","locale":"en-us"}}],"created_at":"2026-01-30T22:08:01.333Z","created_by":"blt6de5dc7d37921f51","footnote":"You probably already know that cats and dogs have a much better sense of smell than people do. It’s not just a helpful tool; it’s essential for their survival. So essential, in fact, that they have a specialized smelling behavior called the flehmen response. Dogs and cats don’t have this response to a scent all the time, and cats are more likely to show a flehmen response — you’ll recognize it as a funny face and even teeth chattering.
Let’s discover what your pet’s fascinating flehmen response really means.
The flehmen response is a special way dogs and cats smell and analyze certain scents or chemical messengers called pheromones.
Sometimes these chemical messengers are a direct form of communication — one animal telling another animal something important. At other times, our pets are simply gathering information and investigating by taking in scents or pheromones through their nose using the flehmen response.
When your pet exhibits the flehmen response, you’ll see their upper lip curl back, revealing their front teeth and gums, and causing wrinkles near the nostrils. They’ll hold their mouth slightly open and may extend their neck and elevate their head. You may notice your pet chatter their teeth, or “smack their lips” as part of their flehmen response. A cat may lick their nose.
It may look like your pet is being aggressive or even laughing. In fact, “flehmen” is a German word that means “to bare the upper teeth.” It comes from “flemmen”, an Upper Saxon German word meaning “to look spiteful.”1
","background_color":"","is_inset":false,"_metadata":{"uid":"cs2a4509c2cc4a065d"}}},{"Related_Articles":{"items":[{"Article":{"reference":[{"uid":"bltb6e38b3978f6a104","_content_type_uid":"Blog_Article"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs839f706109c3a044"}}},{"Article":{"reference":[{"uid":"blted48d03389878ce4","_content_type_uid":"Blog_Article"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"csa016a9ad6175fc3e"}}}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs18eb5fb117753c10"}}},{"Block":{"name":"","content":"To understand the importance of the flehmen response, it’s helpful to know a bit about pheromones.
Pheromones are chemicals that dogs and cats (and other animals) release into the environment. These chemical signals can impact their behavior.
Pheromones play a vital role in cat and dog life. They mark the boundaries of established territory, help puppies and kittens find their mother’s milk, help identify friend from foe, reproductive status, stress levels, and so much more. That’s why it’s so important for cats and dogs to be able to receive and analyze pheromone signals accurately. The flehmen response is one part of that process.
The next time your cat or dog makes that funny face, like curling their lip, showing or chattering their teeth, they’re not just being silly. They’ve detected an interesting smell or pheromone and are carefully analyzing it to understand their environment better. This behavior is a glimpse into how your pet’s amazing sense of smell helps them communicate and stay safe.
","background_color":"","is_inset":false,"_metadata":{"uid":"csdedb416636790a2e"}}},{"promotion_tile":{"tile":[{"uid":"blt81c668eb10643045","_content_type_uid":"blog_promo_tile"}],"variants":[],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs7b1b42cf169604ef"}}}],"brand":[],"categories":[{"_content_type_uid":"Category","uid":"blt2c3d234f7e26861e","_version":227,"locale":"en-us","ACL":{},"_in_progress":false,"created_at":"2022-04-12T14:28:32.085Z","created_by":"bltfefb696baa8d2abf","slug":"pet-ownership","tags":[],"title":"Pet Ownership","updated_at":"2022-07-29T16:28:42.427Z","updated_by":"bltfefb696baa8d2abf","publish_details":{"time":"2025-08-27T15:19:24.401Z","user":"blte385a8279033911a","environment":"bltadfbc551e3c2a9bf","locale":"en-us"}}],"created_at":"2026-01-28T20:56:21.714Z","created_by":"blt6de5dc7d37921f51","footnote":"Flehmen Response. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flehmen_response. Accessed June 24, 2025.
Do you know how to tell if your dog is cold and when you need to do something about it? Dogs can get chilly just like people, and knowing the signs your dog is cold can help you prevent discomfort, hypothermia, or frostbite. As a pet parent, keeping your dog happy and healthy means understanding what affects their body temperature and how to help them stay warm in cold weather.\r
Whether you’re visiting a chilly place, moving to a colder environment, or just worried the AC is on too high, let’s learn about dogs and cold temperatures
If your dog is showing any of these signs, it may be time to take action to warm them up:
There are different levels of cold. A little chilly isn’t serious, though it can be uncomfortable. There are, however, extremely serious levels of cold, that can result in hypothermia and frostbite.
A dog’s ability to tolerate cold depends on several factors, such as breed, coat type, age, body fat percentage, overall health, and activity level.
Small dogs, seniors, puppies, dogs with medical conditions, and brachycephalic breeds are generally at a greater risk of rapidly losing body heat and becoming cold. Breeds with short, single-layer coats, like Great Danes, Boxers, Chihuahuas, and Greyhounds don’t tolerate the cold well, either.
Breeds that tolerate the cold well and even prefer it include Great Pyrenees, Siberian Huskies, Newfoundlands, and Saint Bernards.
If your dog is prone to getting cold, the following tips can help keep them warm indoors and out.
During the cold weather, keep your dog inside as much as possible, especially if they’re a breed that tends to be cold intolerant or if they’re young, senior, or have health issues.
Be sure your dog is dry and remains completely dry outside. Any wet areas are at an increased risk of frostbite. Wipe them down after time outside to remove any water, ice, or snow.
Even inside, a pup prone to feeling cold should be dried immediately after a bath or if they were out in the rain or snow.
Consider a sweater or coat and doggie booties to protect their paws. It’s a good idea to have several sweaters or coats on hand in case one gets wet.
Dogs with arthritis have a harder time walking in cold weather, especially on snow and ice. Short-legged dogs are more vulnerable to cold because their bodies are closer to the ground. Dogs with certain medical issues, such as hypothyroidism, diabetes, kidney disease, or Cushing’s disease, may have a more difficult time regulating their body temperature so bundle them up and keep their walks shorter in cold weather.
A cold car can be just as dangerous as a hot car, losing heat very quickly once the heater is turned off.
","background_color":"","is_inset":false}},{"Related_Articles":{"items":[{"Article":{"reference":[{"uid":"bltc6f0e163c8590a0c","_content_type_uid":"Blog_Article"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"csb1c660060d5a13d8"}}},{"Article":{"reference":[{"uid":"blt4220fd160635277a","_content_type_uid":"Blog_Article"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs15f7235007849561"}}}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs6f8e328956ebac02"}}},{"Block":{"name":"","_metadata":{"uid":"cs2b35ee02127d0a38"},"content":"If you notice any of the signs above or think your dog is cold, bring them to a warm location immediately.
If your dog is damp, dry their whole body thoroughly and wrap them with a warm, dry blanket.
Monitor them closely. You should see the signs of cold slowly go away as they warm up, and you can watch for signs of hypothermia or frostbite. If they are unable to warm up and get comfortable, this may be a sign of a more serious problem. Seek guidance from your veterinarian if this occurs.
An adult dog’s average body temperature is 99.5° to 102.5°F. If it goes below 99°F, mild hypothermia begins to set in. When their core body temperature is less than 98°F, they have hypothermia and care to regulate their temperature. Newborn puppies have naturally lower body temperatures, but can develop hypothermia even in normal room temperatures.
Signs of hyperthermia include:
Your dog’s heart rate may initially be elevated during mild hypothermia but slows and becomes irregular as the hypothermia becomes more severe.
If you suspect your dog has hypothermia, immediately get them into a warm place and contact your veterinarian. They can instruct you whether at-home care is sufficient, or if an emergency veterinary visit is needed.
For cases of mild hypothermia, move them into a warm, dry environment and warm them with warm blankets or towels. You may also place a sweater or jacket on them.
For cases of severe hypothermia, where the core body temperature remains below 98°F despite warming efforts veterinary care is needed.
Treatment involves gradually warming them with special medical equipment while providing warm IV fluid support until a normal body temperature is reached. There are many potential complications to severe or prolonged hypothermia so your veterinarian will monitor your dog closely during treatment.
If dogs are left in extremely low temperatures for extended periods, they can develop frostbite. The blood vessels in their body constrict to divert blood from extremities, like legs, ears, and tail, to vital organs, like the brain, heart, and lungs. This helps to protect and keep their vital organs working.
It can take several days to see the clinical signs of frostbite, including:
Seek veterinary care immediately if you suspect your dog has frostbite. On your way to the veterinarian, you can help your dog by:
If your dog is also hypothermic or showing signs of frost bite, attempt to warm their body slowly. Wrap them with dry, warm blankets or towels. Above all, get to the veterinary clinic right away.
Understanding how to tell if your dog is cold, recognizing early signs of hypothermia or frostbite, and knowing when to seek veterinary care is vital for every pet parent. With a little preparation and close attention, you can keep your dog happy and healthy all winter long.
","background_color":"","is_inset":false}},{"promotion_tile":{"tile":[{"uid":"blt8ab427f5daa49169","_content_type_uid":"blog_promo_tile"}],"_metadata":{"uid":"cs57f9e1c62a304419"},"variants":[]}}],"brand":[],"categories":[{"_content_type_uid":"Category","uid":"blt2c3d234f7e26861e","_version":227,"locale":"en-us","ACL":{},"_in_progress":false,"created_at":"2022-04-12T14:28:32.085Z","created_by":"bltfefb696baa8d2abf","slug":"pet-ownership","tags":[],"title":"Pet Ownership","updated_at":"2022-07-29T16:28:42.427Z","updated_by":"bltfefb696baa8d2abf","publish_details":{"time":"2025-08-27T15:19:24.401Z","user":"blte385a8279033911a","environment":"bltadfbc551e3c2a9bf","locale":"en-us"}}],"created_at":"2026-01-28T22:06:54.433Z","created_by":"blt6de5dc7d37921f51","footnote":"","header":{"desktop_image":{"is_dir":false,"uid":"blta2a70029da1c1a70","_version":2,"ACL":{},"content_type":"image/jpeg","created_at":"2026-01-28T21:59:47.403Z","created_by":"blt6de5dc7d37921f51","description":"A woman jogging with her dog in the snow.","dimension":{"height":756,"width":1260},"file_size":"123804","filename":"how-tell-dog-cold-header@1.5x.jpg","parent_uid":null,"tags":[],"title":"how-tell-dog-cold-header@1.5x.jpg","updated_at":"2026-01-29T20:08:09.953Z","updated_by":"blta5b9e20e306722b4","publish_details":{"environment":"bltadfbc551e3c2a9bf","locale":"en-us","time":"2026-01-29T20:08:10.247Z","user":"blta5b9e20e306722b4"},"url":"https://images.contentstack.io/v3/assets/blt6f84e20c72a89efa/blta2a70029da1c1a70/697a86d3faf6ac37c473fbd7/how-tell-dog-cold-header@1.5x.jpg"},"mobile_image":{"_version":2,"is_dir":false,"uid":"blt64f4afcbf087c186","ACL":{},"content_type":"image/jpeg","created_at":"2026-01-28T21:59:54.304Z","created_by":"blt6de5dc7d37921f51","description":"A woman running with a dog in a park.","dimension":{"height":300,"width":600},"file_size":"53665","filename":"how-tell-dog-cold-header-mobile@1.5x.jpg","parent_uid":null,"tags":[],"title":"how-tell-dog-cold-header-mobile@1.5x.jpg","updated_at":"2026-01-29T20:08:07.867Z","updated_by":"blta5b9e20e306722b4","publish_details":{"environment":"bltadfbc551e3c2a9bf","locale":"en-us","time":"2026-01-29T20:08:08.160Z","user":"blta5b9e20e306722b4"},"url":"https://images.contentstack.io/v3/assets/blt6f84e20c72a89efa/blt64f4afcbf087c186/697a86da0b245fe6cd0397d3/how-tell-dog-cold-header-mobile@1.5x.jpg"},"crop_type":"center"},"is_isi_visible":false,"metadata":{"title":"How To Tell if Your Dog Is Cold","description":"Signs that a dog is cold include shivering, curling up into a ball, hunching, and whining. 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Cold can lead to serious problems, like hypothermia and frostbite.","title":"How To Tell if Your Dog Is Cold","updated_at":"2026-02-11T16:12:03.795Z","updated_by":"blt6de5dc7d37921f51","url":"/blog/article/is-dog-cold","vault_code":"ZPC-04846","publish_details":{"time":"2026-03-06T15:57:39.534Z","user":"blt6de5dc7d37921f51","environment":"bltadfbc551e3c2a9bf","locale":"en-us"}}],"count":510}